Reporte de caso: síndrome de absorción intravascular en histeroscopia, intoxicación por glicina / Case report: Intravascular absorption syndrome in hysteroscopy, glycine intoxication

El síndrome de absorción intravascular en histeroscopia se origina por la rápida absorción vascular de soluciones isotónicas e hipotónicas utilizadas en irrigación intrauterina, ocasionando hipervolemia y dilución de electrolitos, especialmente hiponatremia. Cuando este síndrome es debido a intoxicación por glicina al 1,5% causa acidosis severa y neurotoxicidad. La incidencia de este síndrome es baja pero puede aumentar por factores como: falta de control de altura de bolsas de irrigación, ausencia de equilibrio de fluidos de soluciones de irrigación, tejidos altamente vascularizados como miomas uterinos y uso de sistema de electrocirugía monopolar. Se reporta el caso de una paciente con miomas uterinos, programada para resección mediante histeroscopia que cursa con síndrome de absorción intravascular por glicina, el temprano diagnóstico y rápido tratamiento intraoperatorio y postoperatorio permitió una evolución favorable. El manejo se basó en el uso de diuréticos, restricción de fluidos y soluciones hipertónicas de sodio.

Intravascular absorption syndrome in hysteroscopy is caused by rapid vascular absorption of isotonic and hypotonic solutions used in intrauterine irrigation, causing hypervolemia and electrolyte dilution, especially hyponatremia. When this syndrome is due to 1.5% glycine toxicity, it causes severe acidosis and neurotoxicity. The incidence of this syndrome is low but may increase due to factors such as: lack of control of the height of irrigation bags, lack of fluid balance in irrigation solutions, highly vascularized tissues such as uterine myomas and use of a monopolar electrosurgery system. The case of a patient with uterine myomas, scheduled for resection by hysteroscopy, who presents with intravascular glycine absorption syndrome, is reported. Early diagnosis and rapid intraoperative and postoperative treatment allowed a favorable evolution. Management was based on the use of diuretics, fluid restriction, and hypertonic sodium solutions.

Misoprostol Administration Before Hysteroscopy Procedures - A Retrospective Analysis / O uso do misoprostol prévio aos procedimentos histeroscópicos - Um estudo retrospectivo

Abstract Objective To evaluate the use of misoprostol prior to hysteroscopy procedures regarding technical ease, the presence of side effects, and the occurrence of complications. Methods This is a retrospective, observational, analytical, case-control study, with the review of medical records of 266 patients followed-up at the Gynecological Videoendoscopy Sector of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto of the Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP - USP, in the Portuguese acronym) from 2014 to 2019, comparing 133 patients who used the drug before the procedure with 133 patients who did not. Results The occurrence of postmenopausal uterine bleeding was the main indication for hysteroscopy and revealed a statistical difference between groups (p < 0.001), being present in 93.23% of the patients in the study group and in 69.7% of the patients in the control group. Only 2 patients (1.5%) in the study group reported adverse effects. Although no statistical differences were observed regarding the occurrence of complications during the procedure (p = 0.0662), a higher total number of complications was noted in the group that used misoprostol (n = 7; 5.26%) compared with the group that did not use the drug (n = 1; 0.75%), a fact that is clinically relevant. When evaluating the ease of the technique (measured by the complete performance of all steps of the hysteroscopy procedure), it was verified that although there was no difference between groups (p = 0.0586), the control group had more than twice as many incompletely performed procedures (n = 17) when compared with the group that used misoprostol previously (n = 8), which is also clinically relevant. Conclusion The use of misoprostol prior to hysteroscopy in our service indicated that the drug can facilitate the performance of the procedure, but not without side effects and presenting higher complication rates.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliação do misoprostol prévio à histeroscopia quanto à facilidade técnica, efeitos colaterais e a ocorrência de complicações durante o procedimento. Métodos Estudo analítico observacional retrospectivo tipo caso controle com revisão de prontuários de 266 pacientes do Setor de Videoendoscopia Ginecológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP - USP), de 2014 a 2019, sendo comparadas 133 pacientes que utilizaram o medicamento prévio ao procedimento com 133 pacientes que não o utilizaram. Resultados Sangramento uterino após a menopausa foi a principal indicação de histeroscopia, apresentando diferença estatística (p < 0,001), estando presente em 93,23% das pacientes do grupo de estudo e em 69,17% das pacientes do grupo controle. Apenas 2 pacientes (1,5%) do grupo de estudo relataram efeitos adversos. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto à presença de complicações durante o procedimento (p = 0,0662), mas observamos um número total de complicações maior no grupo de estudo (n = 7; 5,26%) do que no grupo controle (n = 1; 0,75%), o que é clinicamente relevante. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à facilidade técnica (p = 0,0586), mas o grupo controle apresentou mais do que o dobro de procedimentos não completamente realizados (n = 17) quando comparado com o grupo de estudo (n = 8), o que é clinicamente relevante. Conclusão O uso de misoprostol prévio à histeroscopia no nosso serviço demonstrou que ele pode facilitar a realização do procedimento, mas não é isento de efeitos colaterais e apresenta maiores taxas de complicações.

Opciones e indicaciones en el manejo del istmocele / Options and indications in the management of isthmocele

INTRODUCCIÓN: El istmocele es un defecto en la cicatrización del sitio de una histerotomía, que puede cursar con sangrado posmenstrual, dolor pélvico, dismenorrea, dispareunia e infertilidad secundaria. Esta patología ha ido incrementando su prevalencia dado el aumento de la tasa de cesáreas en todo el mundo. OBJETIVO: Se realizó una revisión sobre el istmocele y su manejo, presentando sus indicaciones específicas y las complicaciones asociadas a esta patología. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en PubMed, Embase, Scopus y Google Scholar, en la que se encontraron 868 artículos, de los cuales se revisaron 30 al aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. DISCUSIÓN: El istmocele es cada vez más frecuente. Tiene una prevalencia cercana al 60% posterior a la realización de una cesárea y aumenta hasta valores del 100% con tres de ellas. Los métodos diagnósticos más utilizados son la ecografía transvaginal y la histerosonografía. Su abordaje es habitualmente quirúrgico, aunque existe la posibilidad de intentar tratamiento médico en algunos casos. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario determinar el grosor miometrial para poder establecer un plan de manejo adecuado. Además, se ameritan estudios que realicen un seguimiento a largo plazo y que aporten mayor evidencia para la realización de cada procedimiento. Después de clasificar el tipo de defecto, el tratamiento quirúrgico del istmocele se debe ofrecer a pacientes sintomáticas y a aquellas con defectos grandes y que desean mantener la fertilidad.

INTRODUCTION: The isthmocele is a defect in the healing of the site of a hysterotomy, which can present with post-menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and secondary infertility. This pathology has been increasing its prevalence given the increase in the rate of cesarean sections worldwide. OBJECTIVE: A review will be carried out of the isthmocele and its management, presenting its specific indications and the complications associated with this pathology. METHOD: A search was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar, finding a total of 868 articles, of which 30 of them were reviewed when applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. DISCUSSION: Isthmocele is an increasingly frequent pathology, having a prevalence of 60% after performing a cesarean section and increasing to 100% with 3 of them. There are multiple diagnostic methods, mainly transvaginal ultrasound and sono-hysterosonography. The approach to this pathology is usually surgical, although there is the possibility of trying medical treatment in some cases. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to determine the myometrial thickness in order to establish an adequate management plan. Additionally, long-term follow-up studies are warranted and provide more evidence for the performance of each procedure. After classifying the type of defect, surgical treatment of the isthmocele should be offered to symptomatic patients or those with large defects and who desire future fertility.

Malformación arteriovenosa posterior a la retención de productos de la concepción / Arteriovenous malformation after retention of products of conception

Resumen OBJETIVO: Plantear un procedimiento para pacientes con retención de restos corioplacentarios y riesgo de formación de fístulas arteriovenosas que sea efectivo, seguro y ambulatorio. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo, de pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Gea González de enero a mayo de 2022. Se empleó un equipo de Bettocchi, de flujo continuo de 5 mm, lente cilíndrico de 2.9 mm y 30°. En casos específicos se programó un procedimiento quirúrgico con resectoscopio Richard Wolf Princess, con diámetro exterior de 7 mm, sistema óptico de 2.7 mm, dirección visual de 30°. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 642 expedientes de los que se obtuvo una serie de 31 casos que se incluyeron conforme a la clasificación de Gutenberg, con biopsia por protocolo posaborto y resección con Grasper para los tipos 0 y 1; dos pacientes se enviaron a Urgencias por sangrado abundante para aspiración mecánica endouterina inmediata; dos pacientes se catalogaron con tipo 3; en la primera se optó por el tratamiento médico con metotrexato con lo que se consiguió la resolución completa y la segunda finalizó el embarazo con histerectomía laparoscópica. CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes con imágenes ecográficas sugerentes de retención de restos corioplacentarios o malformación arteriovenosa, los procedimientos con visión directa evitan las complicaciones inmediatas y futuras. El diagnóstico mediante la clasificación de Gutenberg permite definir el tipo de acceso con extracción en frío con pinza Grasper para los tipos 0 y 1, o la aplicación de una prueba farmacológica con metotrexato y resección histeroscópica para los tipos 2 y 3 en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To propose an effective, safe and outpatient procedure for patients with retained chorioplacental remnants and risk of arteriovenous fistula formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective case series study of patients attended at the Gea González Hospital from January to May 2022. A Bettocchi equipment was used, 5 mm continuous flow, 2.9 mm cylindrical lens and 30°. In specific cases a surgical procedure was scheduled with a Richard Wolf Princess resectoscope, 7 mm outer diameter, 2.7 mm optical system, 30° visual direction. RESULTS: We reviewed 642 files from which we obtained a series of 31 cases that were included according to the Gutenberg classification, with biopsy by postabortion protocol and resection with Grasper for types 0 and 1; two patients were sent to the ER for heavy bleeding for immediate MVA; two patients were categorized as type 3; in the first one we opted for medical treatment with methotrexate with which we achieved complete resolution and the second one ended the pregnancy with laparoscopic hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ultrasound images suggestive of retained chorioplacental debris or arteriovenous malformation, direct vision procedures avoid immediate and future complications. Diagnosis by Gutenberg classification allows to define the type of access with cold extraction with Grasper forceps for types 0 and 1, or the application of a pharmacological test with methotrexate and hysteroscopic resection for types 2 and 3 in hemodynamically stable patients.

Evaluación de la efectividad y satisfacción de las pacientes tras miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta / Evaluation of effectiveness and patient satisfaction of hysteroscopic myomectomy in office

OBJETIVO: Analizar la efectividad de las miomectomías histeroscópicas en consulta realizadas con minirresector y conocer si hay factores relacionados con el grado de satisfacción de las pacientes. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal y prospectivo, de mujeres sometidas a miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta durante el año 2018. Las pacientes recibieron medicación para la preparación cervical, analgesia oral y anestesia paracervical. La miomectomía se realizó con un minirresector de 5.8 mm. Se registraron el tiempo y el dolor en una escala visual analógica (EVA) durante la entrada y la resección, así como la satisfacción de las pacientes a los 3 meses con el cuestionario validado CSQ-8. RESULTADOS: El estudio incluyó 59 pacientes. El tiempo medio de entrada fue menor de 1 minuto (47,93 segundos) y el de resección fue de 13,51 minutos. El dolor referido por las pacientes en la EVA durante la entrada y la resección puntuó en torno a 3 y 4, respectivamente. Se consiguió un 74.6% de resecciones completas de los miomas y la puntuación media de satisfacción de las pacientes fue de 27.17. La resección completa del mioma se asoció con una mayor satisfacción total de las pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: La miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta llevada a cabo con un minirresector de 5.8 mm con analgesia paracervical obtiene buenos resultados clínicos, con buena satisfacción de las pacientes. Esta última se relaciona con una resección completa del mioma, sin que influyan el tiempo necesario para su exéresis ni el dolor.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of hysteroscopic myomectomy in office performed with mini-resectoscope, and to know if there is any variable related with patient satisfaction. METHOD: Observational and prospective transversal study, which included all women who underwent a hysteroscopic myomectomy in office in 2018. Patients received drugs for cervical preparation and pain management, as well as paracervical block. We used the 5.8 mm mini-resectoscope. We kept record of time and AVS pain during entrance and resection, as well as patient satisfaction 3 months after the procedure using the CSQ-8. RESULTS: The study included 59 patients. Mean entrance time was less than 1 minute (47.93 seconds), while mean resection time was 13.51 minutes. AVS pain during entrance and resection was around 3 and 4, respectively. We achieved 74.6% rate of complete resection. Mean patient satisfaction rate was 27.17 points. We found that a complete myoma resection is related to higher patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Hysteroscopic myomectomy in office performed with the 5.8 mm mini-resectoscope, using cervical block, achieves good clinical results and a good patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is associated with a complete resection of the myoma, without any influence of pain experienced or time required.

Accuracy of Transvaginal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Intrauterine Lesions / Acurácia da ultrasonografia tranvaginal no diagnóstico de lesões intrauterinas

Abstract Objective To evaluate the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of intrauterine lesions, using hysteroscopy as the gold standard. Methods This was a prospective observational study with 307 patients. All patients underwent hysteroscopy after a previous transvaginal ultrasound to compare the results. The hysteroscopy was performed by experienced examiners, and transvaginal ultrasounds were performed in various public and private services, which is reflective of routine healthcare practices in obstetrics and gynecology. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the transvaginal ultrasound were calculated using hysteroscopy as the gold standard. The level of agreement between the two exams was calculated using the Kappa test. Results Themean age was 56.55±12.3 years. For endometrial polyps, we observed a sensitivity of 39.8%, specificity of 72.7%, accuracy of 52.8%, and Kappa index of 0.11 (p=0.025). For fibroids, the sensitivity was 46.7%, specificity was 95.0%, accuracy was 87.9%, and Kappa index was 0.46 (p<0.001). For endometrial thickening, the sensitivity was 68.7%, specificity was 41.7%, accuracy was 47.6%, and Kappa index was 0.06 (p=0.126). For endometrial atrophy, we found a sensitivity of 6.7%, specificity of 99.3%, accuracy of 90.2%, and Kappa index of 0.10 (p=0.006). For the other findings, the sensitivity was 15.6%, specificity was 99.6%, accuracy was 87.3%, and Kappa index was 0.23 (P<0.001). Conclusion Our study demonstrated a low level of accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound for the diagnosis of endometrial lesions, when performed by a non-experienced professional. Thus, it is important to consider the use of hysteroscopy to avoid unnecessary and inappropriate treatments.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a acurácia do ultrassom transvaginal para o diagnóstico de lesões intrauterinas, tendo a histeroscopia como padrão de referência. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo observacional prospectivo em 307 pacientes, submetidas à histeroscopia após ultrassonografia prévia para comparação dos resultados. A histeroscopia foi realizada por duas médicas com experiência, e os exames de ultrassom foram realizados em diversas fontes, públicas ou privadas, como ocorre no cotidiano da assistência à saúde em nosso meio. Foram avaliados sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia, tendo a histeroscopia como padrão-ouro. O nível de concordância foi avaliado pelo teste de Kappa. Resultados A idade média foi de 56,55±12,3 anos. Os resultados para pólipo endometrial foram: sensibilidade 39.8%, especificidade 72,7%, acurácia de 52,8%, e índice Kappa 0,11 (p=0,025). Para mioma, sensibilidade 46,7%, especificidade 95,0%, acurácia 87,9%, e índice Kappa 0,46 (p<0,001). Para espessamento endometrial, sensibilidade 68,7%, especificidade 41,7%, acurácia 47,6%, e índice Kappa de 0,06 (p=0,126). Para atrofia, sensibilidade 6,7%, especificidade 99,3%, acurácia 90,2%, e índice Kappa 0,10 (p=0,006). Para outros achados, sensibilidade 15,6%, especificidade 99,6%, acurácia 87,3%, e índice Kappa 0,23 (p<0,001). Conclusão Nosso estudo demonstrou baixo nível de acurácia da ultrassonografia transvaginal para o diagnóstico de lesões endometriais, quando realizada por profissional não experiente. Assim, é importante considerar o uso da histeroscopia para evitar tratamentos desnecessários e inadequados.

Resección histeroscópica de embarazo ectópico cervical posterior a fecundación in vitro

El embarazo ectópico cervical es una patología de baja frecuencia, que presenta alto riesgo de hemorragia y pérdida de la fertilidad debido a la necesidad de histerectomía. Presentamos un caso de embarazo ectópico cervical después de fecundación in vitro tratada con éxito con resección histeroscópica.

Cervical ectopic pregnancy is a low frequency pathology, which presents a high risk of hemorrhage and loss of fertility due to the need for hysterectomy. We present a case of cervical ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization successfully treated with hysteroscopic resection.

Vaginohisteroscopia, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las patologías endometriales en consultorio / Vaginohysteroscopy, diagnosis and treatment of endometrial pathologies in office / Vaginohysteroscopy, diagnosis and treatment of endometrial pathologies in office

RESUMEN En los últimos años se han visto avances tecnológicos importantes, muchos aplicados al ámbito médico, permitiendo la evolución de numerosos procedimientos. Un ejemplo es la histeroscopia, donde la miniaturización de su instrumental y la mejora en la resolución de las imágenes han permitido su evolución de un procedimiento exclusivo de sala de operaciones al uso en consultorio. La vaginohisteroscopia permite diagnosticar y tratar la mayoría de las patologías endometriales sin anestesia, espéculo, pinzamiento ni dilatación del cuello uterino. Presenta una serie de ventajas como buena tolerancia por parte de la paciente, disminución de los costos, menos tiempo de espera para resolver las patologías y reposo laboral más corto, haciendo a este procedimiento el estándar para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las patologías endometriales y endocervicales.

ABSTRACT In recent years there have been important technological advances, many applied to the medical field, allowing the evolution of numerous procedures. An example is hysteroscopy, where the miniaturization of its instruments and the improvement in the resolution of the images have allowed its evolution from an exclusive procedure in the operating room to use in the office. Vaginohysteroscopy allows the diagnosis of most endometrial pathologies without anesthesia, speculum, clamping or dilation of the cervix. It presents a series of advantages such as good tolerance by the patient, lower costs, less waiting time to resolve the pathologies and shorter work rest, making this procedure the standard for the diagnosis and treatment of endometrial and endocervical pathologies.

Residual disease after operative hysteroscopy in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer associated with polyps / Doença residual após histeroscopia cirúrgica em pacientes com câncer de endométrio endometrioide associado a pólipo endometrial

Abstract Objective To evaluate the presence of residual disease in the uterine specimen after hysteroscopic polypectomy or polyp biopsy in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC). Methods We analyzed a series of 104 patients (92 cases from the Hospital AC Camargo and 12 from the Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo) with polyps that were diagnosed by hysteroscopy, showing endometrioid EC associated with the polyp or in the final pathological specimen. Patients underwent a surgical approach for endometrial cancer from January 2002 to January 2017. Their clinical and pathological data were retrospectively retrieved from the medical records. Results In78cases (75%), thepolyphad EC, and in 40(38.5%), itwas restricted tothe polyp, without endometrial involvement. The pathologic stage was IA in 96 cases (92.3%) and 90 (86.5%) had histologic grade 1 or 2. In 18 cases (17.3%), there was no residual disease in the final uterine specimen, but only in 9 of them the hysteroscopy suggested that the tumor was restricted to the polyp. In 5 cases (4.8%) from the group without outside of the polyp during hysteroscopy, myometrial invasion was noted in the final uterine specimen. This finding suggests the possibility of disease extrapolation through the base of the polyp. Conclusion Patients with endometrioid EC associated with polyps may have the tumor completely removed during hysteroscopy, but the variables shown in the present study could not safely predict which patient would have no residual disease.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a presença de doença residual no exame anatomopatológico definitivo de pacientes com câncer de endométrio endometrioide após polipectomia ou biópsia de pólipo histeroscópica. Métodos Analisamos 104 pacientes (92 casos do Hospital AC Camargo e 12 casos do Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo) com pólipos diagnosticados durante histeroscopia e cuja biópsia histeroscópica ou exame patológico final do útero acusaram câncer de endométrio endometrioide. As pacientes foram submetidas a cirurgia para câncer de endométrio de janeiro de 2002 a janeiro de 2017. Os dados clínicos e anatomopatológicos de cada paciente foram retirados dos prontuários médicos Resultados Em 78 casos (75%), o pólipo continha a neoplasia, e em 40 (38.5%), ela estava restrita ao tecido do pólipo, sem envolvimento endometrial adjacente. O estadio final foi IA em 96 casos (92.3%) e em 90 (86.5%) tratava-se de grau 1 ou 2. Em 18 casos (17.3%), não havia doença residual no espécime uterino, mas emapenas 9 deles a histeroscopia sugeriu doença restrita ao pólipo. Em 5 casos (4.8%), não havia doença aparente extrapólipo na histeroscopia, mas havia invasão miometrial, sugerindo extravasamento do tumor pela base do pólipo. Conclusão Pacientes com câncer de endométrio associado a pólipos podem ter o tumor completamente removido durante a histeroscopia, mas, com as variáveis avaliadas, é difícil predizer com segurança qual paciente ficará sem tumor residual.

Análise das alterações endometriais nas histeroscopias de pacientes em tratamento de câncer de mama com bloqueadores hormonais / Analysis of endometrial changes in the histeroscopies of patients treating breast cancer with hormonal blockers

Objetivo: analisar lesões endometriais de pacientes com câncer de mama em tratamento com Tamoxifeno® presentes nas histeroscopias e relacioná-las com a dose de medicamento utilizada, tempo de terapêutica, presença de lesões endometriais prévias e estado de pré ou pós menopausa. Método: estudo retrospectivo, transversal e analítico. Dados analisados pelo teste qui quadrado, p<0,05. Resultados: dentre as 75 histeroscopias analisadas, 12 eram normais (16%) e 63 apresentaram alteração endometrial (84%). Dentre os achados das histeroscopias, 49 foram pólipos endometriais (67.12%), 7 foram pólipos endocervicais (9.58%), 11 foram hiperplasia simples sem atipias (15.06%), 1 foi hiperplasia complexa sem atipias (1.36%), 1 foi hiperplasia complexa com atipias (1.36%), 2 foram leiomiomas (2.73%) e 2 foram adenocarcinoma endometrioide (2.73%). Conclusão: O Tamoxifeno® predispõe o aparecimento de lesões endometriais, que podem ser malignas. Nesse estudo, a incidência dessas lesões foi expressivamente maior do que os valores encontrados na literatura

Objective: To analyze the endometrial lesions in hysteroscopies of patients with breast cancer undergoing treatment with Tamoxifeno® and to relate them to the dose of medication used, time of therapy, presence of previous endometrial lesions and pre or postmenopausal status. Method: retrospective, cross-sectional and analytical study. Data were statistically analyzed using the chi-square test, p <0.05. Results: Among the 75 hysteroscopies analyzed, 12 were normal (16%) and 63 presented endometrial alteration (84%). Among the hysteroscopic findings, 49 were endometrial polyps (67.12%), 7 were endocervical polyps (9.58%), 11 were simple hyperplasia without atypias (15.06%), 1 was complex hyperplasia without atypias (1.36%), 1 was complex hyperplasia with atypia (1.36%), 2 were leiomyomas (2.73%) and 2 were endometrioid adenocarcinoma (2.73%). Conclusion: Tamoxifen predisposes the appearance of endometrial lesions, which may be malignant. In this study, the incidence of these lesions was significantly higher than the values found in the literature

Endometrite crônica e infertilidade / Chronic endometritis and infertility

A endometrite crônica (EC) é uma doença que, apesar de ainda pouco investigada, tem sido associada a resultados reprodutivos desfavoráveis. Estudos têm mostrado que a EC pode prejudicar a receptividade endometrial, levando a falhas de implantação e perdas gestacionais recorrentes. Os métodos padronizados para diagnóstico incluem histeroscopia, histologia para pesquisa de plasmócitos e cultura endometrial para identificação de agentes bacterianos. O tratamento com antibióticos para EC parece melhorar as taxas de gestação e nascidos vivos em pacientes com falhas de implantação e perdas gestacionais recorrentes sem causa conhecida. Esta publicação tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão da etiologia, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da EC, seu impacto no microambiente endometrial e sua associação com infertilidade. Esta revisão narrativa da literatura atualizada sintetiza os achados encontrados em bases de dados computadorizadas.(AU)

Chronic endometritis (CE) is a poorly investigated disease, which has been related to adverse reproductive outcomes. Published studies have shown that CE can impair endometrial receptivity, which is associated with implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss. The standard tools for diagnosis include hysteroscopy, histology to identification of plasma cells and endometrial culture for identification of bacterial pathogens. Effective antibiotic treatment for CE seems to improve the pregnancy and live birth rates in patients with implantation failure and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. This paper intends to provide an overview of etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of CE, its impact on endometrial microenvironment and its association with infertility. This narrative review of the current literature synthesizes the findings retrieved from searches in computerized databases.(AU)

Pain and anxiety in office histeroscopy

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Anxiety is almost always present before medical interventions and may play a role in pain perception. We aim to evaluate factors associated with pain intensity reported by patients submitted to Office Hysteroscopy (OH). METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study, with data from April to November 2015. It included patients attended at the Assis Chateaubriand Maternity School (MEAC/UFC) with an indication of office hysteroscopy. Before the examination, the patients answered a validated questionnaire about anxiety (STAI). After the examination, women answered the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0, with Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U-test, and analyses of variance. RESULTS: 252 patients were included, with a mean age of 45.7 years, of whom 29% were postmenopausal (mean pain 5.5) and 71% were in menacme (mean pain 5.1) (p = 0.258). The anxiety trait and state showed a significant influence on the pain scale (p <0.001 and p=0.001), but age or endometrial sample did not. 27% of the patients were nulliparous. Less pain was associated with the number (p=0.01) and vaginal (p=0.005) of deliveries. The main indication for the procedure was abnormal uterine bleeding (54.4%). CONCLUSION: OH may be associated with moderate but tolerable discomfort. There was a significant correlation between higher scores on the pain scale and anxiety. There was evidence of reduced pain with parity and type of delivery, but not with reproductive age or endometrial biopsy.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A ansiedade está quase sempre presente antes de intervenções médicas e pode desempenhar um papel importante na percepção da dor. Buscou-se avaliar os fatores associados à intensidade da dor relatados pelos pacientes submetidos a histeroscopia ambulatorial (HA). MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal, com dados de abril a novembro de 2015. Foram incluídas pacientes atendidas na Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (Meac/UFC) com indicação de HA. Antes do exame, as pacientes responderam a um questionário validado sobre ansiedade (IAM). Após o exame, as mulheres responderam à Escala Visual Analógica (EVA). Os dados foram analisados no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0, com correlação de Spearman, teste U de Mann-Whitney e Anova. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 252 pacientes, com idade média de 45,7 anos, das quais 29% estavam na pós-menopausa (dor média 5,5) e 71% eram menacme (dor média 5,1) (p = 0,258). O traço e o estado de ansiedade mostraram influência significativa na escala de dor (p<0,001 e p=0,001). Vinte e sete por cento das pacientes eram nulíparas. Menor dor foi associada ao número (p=0,01) e tipo vaginal (p=0,005) de partos. A principal indicação para o procedimento foi sangramento uterino anormal (54,4%); 66,1% necessitaram de amostra endometrial. CONCLUSÕES: A HA pode estar associada a um desconforto moderado, mas tolerável. Houve correlação significativa entre escores mais altos na escala de dor e ansiedade, menor paridade, mas não com idade reprodutiva ou procedimento de biópsia endometrial.

Use of GnRH analogues in the reduction of submucous fibroid for surgical hysteroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Uso de análogo de GnRH na redução de mioma submucoso na histeroscopia cirúrgica: Revisão sistemática e meta-análise

Abstract Objective Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRH-a) have been used preoperatively before hysteroscopic myomectomy to decrease the size and vascularization of the myomas, but evidence to support this practice is weak. Our objective was to analyze the use of GnRH-a in the reduction of submucous fibroid as a facilitator for surgical hysteroscopy from published clinical trials. Data sources Studies from electronic databases (Pubmed, Scielo, EMBASE, Scopus, PROSPERO), published between 1980 and December 2018. The keywords used were fibroid, GnRH analogue, submucous, histeroscopy, histeroscopic resection and their correspondents in Portuguese. Study selection The inclusion criteria were controlled trials that evaluated the GnRH-a treatment before hysteroscopic resection of submucous myomas. Four clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis. Data collection Two review authors extracted the data without modification of the original data, using the agreed form. We resolved discrepancies through discussion or, if required, we consulted a third person. Data synthesis The present meta-analysis included a total of 213 women and showed no statistically significant differences in the use of GnRH-a compared with the control group for complete resection of submucous myoma (relative risk [RR]: 0.94; 95%; confidence interval [CI]: 0.80-1.11); operative time (mean difference [MD]: - 3.81; 95%;CI : - 3.81-2.13); fluid absorption (MD: - 65.90; 95%;CI: - 9.75-2.13); or complications (RR 0.92; 95%;CI: 0.18-4.82). Conclusion The present review did not support the routine preoperative use of GnRH-a prior to hysteroscopic myomectomy. However, it is not possible to determine its inferiority when compared with the other methods due to the heterogeneity of existing studies and the small sample size.

Resumo Objetivo Análogos de hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH-a) têm sido usados no pré-operatório de miomectomia histeroscópica para reduzir o tamanho e vascularização dos miomas, mas a evidência que suporta essa prática é fraca. Nosso objetivo foi analisar o uso de GnRH-a na redução do mioma submucoso como um facilitador de histeroscopia cirúrgica em ensaios clínicos publicados. Fonte de dados Estudos de bases de dados eletrônicas (Pubmed, Scielo, EMBASE, Scopus, PROSPERO), publicados entre 1980 e dezembro de 2018. As palavras-chave usadas foram fibroid, GnRH analogue, submucous, histeroscopy, histeroscopic resection e seus correspondentes em português. Seleção dos estudos Os critérios de inclusão foram ensaios clínicos controlados que avaliaram o tratamento com GnRH-a antes da ressecção histeroscópica de miomas submucosos. Quatro ensaios clínicos foram incluídos na meta-análise Coleta de dados Dois autores revisores extraíram os dados, sem modificarem os dados originais, usando a forma acordada. Nós resolvemos as discrepâncias através de discussão ou, se necessário, consultando um terceiro autor. Síntese dos dados A meta-análise incluiu um total de 213 mulheres e não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa no uso de GnRH-a comparado com o grupo controle para ressecção completa de mioma submucoso (risco relativo [RR]: 0.94. índice de confiança [IC] 95%;: 0.80-1.11); tempo cirúrgico (diferença de média [MD]: - 3.81; IC95%;: -3.81-2.13); absorção de fluidos (MD: - 65.90; IC95%;: - 9.75-2.13); ou complicações (RR 0.92; IC95%;: 0.18-4.82). Conclusão A presente revisão sistemática não suporta o uso pré-operatório rotineiro de GnRH-a antes de miomectomia histeroscópica. No entanto, não é possível determinar sua inferioridade quando comparado aos outros métodos devido à heterogeneidade dos estudos existentes e ao pequeno tamanho da amostra.

Diagnostic accuracy of a hysteroscopic score for the detection of endometrial cancer in patients with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial thickening / Exactitud diagnóstica de una escala histeroscópica para la detección de cáncer endometrial en pacientes con sangrado posmenopáusico y engrosamiento endometrial

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la exactitud diagnóstica del sistema de puntaje histeroscópico de cáncer endometrial. Materiales y métodos: estudio de exactitud diagnóstica ensamblado en estudio transversal, que incluyó pacientes con sangrado posmenopáusico y engrosamiento endometrial mayor o igual a 5 mm, a quienes se practicó histeroscopia, cuyo resultado se comparó con la biopsia endometrial como patrón de oro diagnóstico, en dos hospitales de alta complejidad. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, puntaje de evaluación histeroscópica y resultado histopatológico de tejido endometrial. En el análisis se estimó sensibilidad, especificidad, razones de probabilidades y área bajo la curva con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza. Resultados: con una prevalencia del cáncer endometrial del 9 %, el sistema de evaluación por histeroscopia mostró una sensibilidad de 75 % (IC 95 %: 30,1-95,43), especificidad de 95,1 % (IC 95 %: 83,9- 98,7), una razón de probabilidades positiva de 15,38 (IC 95 %: 3,55-66,56), una razón de probabilidades negativa de 0,26 y un área bajo la curva del 85 %. Conclusión: el sistema de evaluación endometrial histeroscópico estandarizado mostró una sensibilidad aceptable para hacer la tamización en pacientes con sangrado posmenopáusico y engrosamiento endometrial (≥ 5 mm). Se requiere la realización de estudios con un mayor tamaño muestral que permitan hacer una estimación más precisa de las características operativas de este sistema de evaluación histeroscópico para la detección de cáncer endometrial.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopic scores in endometrial cancer. Materials and methods: Diagnostic accuracy study assembled within a cross-sectional study that included patients with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial thickening greater than 5 mm in whom hysteroscopy was performed and then compared with endometrial biopsy as the diagnostic gold standard, in two high complexity hospitals. Clinical, sociodemographic variables, as well as hysteroscopic scores and the results of endometrial tissue histopathology were measured. Sensitivity and specificity, likelihood ratios and area under the curve with their respective confidence intervals were estimated in the analysis. Results: With a 9 % prevalence of endometrial cancer, the hysteroscopic assessment system was shown to have 75 % sensitivity (95 % CI; 30.1- 95.43), 95,1 % specificity (95 % CI; 83.9-98.7), a positive likelihood ratio of 15.38 (95 %; CI 3.55- 66.56), a negative likelihood ratio of 0.26 and area under the curve of 85 %. Conclusion: The standardized hysteroscopic assessment system was found to have an acceptable sensitivity for screening in patients with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial thickening (≥ 5 mm). Further studies with larger sample sizes are required in order to arrive at a more precise estimation of the operational characteristics of the hysteroscopic assessment system for the detection of endometrial cancer.

Remoção histeroscópica de sistema intrauterino em gestação inicial: revisão de literatura / Hysteroscopic removal of the intrauterine system in early pregnancy: a literature review

Os dispositivos intrauterinos (DIUs) são os métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração mais utilizados no mundo, apresentando altas taxas de eficácia e segurança. Na presença de gestação, o DIU pode ser retirado com uma leve tração dos fios, quando visíveis. Na impossibilidade de visualização dos fios, há a opção de retirada por histeroscopia, que tem se mostrado segura e eficaz para a retirada de DIU retido na cavidade. Foram pesquisados os termos: "intrauterine device", "pregnancy" e "hysteroscopy". Dos 378 artigos encontrados, foram selecionados 18 artigos que cumpriam os objetivos desta revisão. A presença de DIU durante a gestação se mostra um fator de risco independente para desfechos desfavoráveis como abortamento, corioamnionite, parto prematuro e maior taxa de admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. A histeroscopia ambulatorial se mostra uma alternativa segura e eficaz na retirada do DIU no primeiro trimestre.(AU)

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are the most widely used reversible contraceptive methods in the world, with high rates of efficacy and safety. In the presence of pregnancy, the IUD can be removed by gently traction of the threads, when visible. If the wires cannot be visualized, we have the option of hysteroscopy removal, which has been shown to be safe and effective for the removal of an IUD retained in the cavity. The terms "intrauterine device", "pregnancy" and "hysteroscopy" were searched. Of the 378 articles found, 18 articles were selected that met the objectives of this review. The presence of IUDs during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for unfavorable outcomes such as abortion, chorioamnionitis, premature birth and a higher rate of admission to a neonatal intensive care unit. Ambulatory hysteroscopy is a safe and effective alternative for IUD removal in the first trimester.(AU)

Gynecological surgery and Covid-19: what is the impact and how should I manage it? / Cirurgia ginecológica e Covid-19: qual impacto e como devo conduzir?

Abstract It is estimated that around 28 million surgeries will be postponed or canceled worldwide as a result of this pandemic, causing a delay in the diagnosis and treatment of more than 2 million cancer cases. In Brazil, both the National Health Agency (ANS) and National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) advised the postponement of elective and non-essential surgeries, causing a considerable impact on the number of surgical procedures that decreased by 33.4% in this period. However, some women need treatment for various gynecological diseases that cannot be postponed. The purpose of this article is to present recommendations on surgical treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo Estima-se que cerca de 28 milhões de cirurgias sejam postergadas ou canceladas nomundo em decorrência desta pandemia, causando atraso no diagnóstico e tratamento de mais de 2 milhões de casos oncológicos. No Brasil, tanto a ANS (Agencia Nacional de Saúde) comoa ANVISA (Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) orientaram o adiamento das cirurgias eletivas e não essenciais, tendo um impacto considerável no número de procedimentos cirúrgicos comdiminuição de 33,4% neste período no Brasil.No entanto, algumasmulheres necessitam de tratamento para várias doenças ginecológicas, algumas das quais não podem ser adiadas. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar recomendações sobre o tratamento cirúrgico durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Histeroscopía quirúrgica: experiencia, resultados y complicaciones según clasificación Clavien-Dindo / Surgical hysteroscopy: experience, results and complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification

OBJETIVO: Describir y analizar la experiencia clínica, resultados y complicaciones según Clavien-Dindo de las histeroscopías quirúrgicas realizadas en pabellón. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de las histeroscopías quirúrgicas realizadas entre el 1 de enero de 2012 y 1 de enero de 2018 en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. RESULTADOS: Hubo 613 histeroscopías quirúrgicas en el período analizado, de las cuales 593 cumplieron con los requisitos para incluirse en este estudio. Las indicaciones para realizar el procedimiento fueron: pólipo endometrial (56,3%), miomas uterinos (22,1%), sangrado uterino anormal (4,3%) y otras (17,7%). Hubo un 89,2% de concordancia entre el diagnóstico intraoperatorio y el estudio histopatológico. Se pesquisaron 11 hiperplasias endometriales sin atipías, 3 con atipías y 10 neoplasias malignas. Cabe destacar que, del total de pólipos resecados, hubo 8 casos (2,5%) con potencial malignidad (atipías o neoplasia maligna). Según la clasificación Clavien Dindo, hubo 22 complicaciones intraoperatorias (3,7%) grado I o II, cuyo diagnóstico fue realizado en el acto quirúrgico. No hubo complicaciones grado III o más (severas, con reintervención). CONCLUSIÓN: La tasa de éxito, correlación histeroscópica - anatomopatológica final y complicaciones fue similar a lo publicado en la literatura disponible. El diagnóstico intraoperatorio de la lesión y su reparación en el mismo acto quirúrgico, disminuye el riesgo de morbimortalidad de las pacientes, haciéndolo similar al de una paciente sin complicación. Utilizar la clasificación Clavien Dindo para evaluar las complicaciones nos permitirá en adelante, objetivar, mejorar aspectos del procedimiento quirúrgico y plantear estrategias de prevención y manejo de dichos eventos adversos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the clinical experience, results and complications according to Clavien-Dindo of surgical hysteroscopies performed in the ward. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of surgical hysteroscopies performed between January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2018 at the Hospital Clinico of the University of Chile. RESULTS: There were 613 surgical hysteroscopies in the analyzed period of which 593 fulfilled the requirements to be included in this study. The indications to perform the procedure were: endometrial polyp (56.3%), uterine fibroids (22.1%), abnormal uterine bleeding (4.3%) and others (17.7%). There was an 89.2% agreement between the intraoperative diagnosis and the histopathological study. Eleven endometrial hyperplasias without atypia, 3 with atypia and 10 malignant neoplasms were investigated. It should be noted that, of the total of resected polyps, there were 8 cases (2.5%) with potential malignancy (atypia or malignant neoplasm). According to the Clavien Dindo classification, there were 22 intraoperative complications (3.7%) grade I or II, the diagnosis of which was made during surgery. There were no grade III or more complications (severe, with reoperation). CONCLUSION: The success rate, final hysteroscopic-pathological correlation and complications was similar to that published in the available literature. The intraoperative diagnosis of the lesion and its repair in the same surgical act, reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality of the patients, making it similar to that of a patient without complication. Using the Clavien Dindo classification to assess complications will henceforth allow us to objectify, improve aspects of the surgical procedure and propose strategies for the prevention and management of such adverse events.

Results of the insertion of hysteroscopic sterilization devices in a brazilian public hospital / Resultados da inserção de dispositivos de esterilização histeroscópica em um hospital público brasileiro

Abstract Objective To evaluate the insertion of the hysteroscopic intratubal sterilization device for female sterilization concerning the technique and the feasibility. Methods Retrospective study with data collection of medical records of 904 patients who underwent device insertion between January and September 2016 in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) with data analysis and descriptive statistics. Results In 85.8% of the cases, the uterine cavity was normal, and themost commonlydescribed findings upon hysteroscopy were synechiae (9.5%). The procedure lasted an average of 3.56minutes (range: 1 to 10minutes), and the pain was considered inexistent or mild in 58,6% of the cases, mild or moderate in 32,8%, and severe or agonizing in less than 1% (0.8%) of the cases, based on a verbal scale ranging from 0 to 10. The rate of successful insertions was of 85.0%, and successful tubal placement was achieved in 99.5% of the cases. There were no severe complications related to the procedure, but transient vasovagal reactions occurred in 5 women (0.6%). Conclusion Female sterilization performed by hysteroscopy is a safe, feasible, fast, and well-tolerated procedure. The rates of successful insertions and tubal placements were high. There were few and mild adverse effects during the procedure, and there were no severe complications on the short term.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a inserção de dispositivo intratubário de esterilização histeroscópica com relação à viabilidade e à técnica. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com coleta de dados de prontuários das pacientes submetidas à inserção do dispositivo entre janeiro e setembro de 2016 emumhospital público do Rio de Janeiro, comanálise dos dados e realização de estatísticas descritivas. Resultados Foram incluídos 904 casos no estudo. Em 85,8% dos casos, a cavidade uterina estava normal, e os achados mais comumente descritos à histeroscopia foram as sinequias (9,5%). O tempomédio do procedimento foi de 3,56minutos (gama: de 1 a 10 minutos); a dor foi considerada de ausente a leve em 58,6% dos casos, de leve a moderada em32,8% dos casos, e de forte à pior dor possível emmenos de 1% dos casos (0,8%). A taxa de inserções bem-sucedidas foi de 85,0%, e a colocação tubária foi bemsucedida em 99,5% dos casos. Não foram identificadas complicações graves, mas reações vasovagais transitórias ocorreram em 5 mulheres (0,6%). Conclusão A esterilização feminina por histeroscopia é um procedimento seguro, viável, rápido, e bem tolerado. As taxas de inserção bem-sucedida e de colocação tubária foram altas. Houve poucos e leves efeitos colaterais durante o procedimento, e não foram observadas complicações graves no curto prazo.